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1.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 60(1): 1-14, mar. 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388413

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los tumores cerebrales se caracterizan por su gran morbilidad y mortalidad. La gran mayoría corresponde a tumores secundarios (metástasis). Dentro de los tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central, los gliomas corresponden al 30% de éstos. En EEUU, entre el 2007-2011, se estima una incidencia aproximada de 21,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Los recientes avances en la comprensión molecular de la biología de estos tumores han permitido mejorar sustancialmente su clasificación, posibilitando realizar un mejor correlato con los desenlaces clínicos y el pronóstico. En esta línea, hoy en día es posible estratificar a los pacientes por riesgo y entregar tratamientos capaces de prolongar la sobrevida global entre 5-7 años, para los gliomas grado II y III. El presente consenso, elaborado por un panel multidisciplinario de expertos de diversas sociedades científicas chilenas y, por tanto, de todas las especialidades involucradas en el manejo médico-quirúrgico de las personas portadoras de gliomas cerebrales. A la luz de este nuevo conocimiento desarrollado al alero de la oncología molecular, esta propuesta ofrece un insumo de utilidad clínica real, que, articulado a una revisión actualizada en relación con el tratamiento y seguimiento de estos pacientes, permite entender la relevancia de estos biomarcadores en el manejo de precisión de la enfermedad. Cabe señalar que, este manuscrito emerge de la misma fuerza de trabajo, que elaboró el Protocolo Clínico de Gliomas del Adulto 2019, publicado por el Ministerio de Salud, y que ha diferencia de esta, que ofrece los detalles clínicos-operativos, como flujogramas y dosis, nuestra revisión intenta relevar los avances imagenológicos y moleculares y como estos impactan en el manejo actual de la enfermedad.


Brain tumors are characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The vast majority correspond to secondary tumors (metastasis). On the other hand, within the primary tumors of the central nervous system, gliomas correspond to 30% of these. In the US, between 2007-2011, an approximate incidence of 21.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was estimated. Recent advances in the molecular understanding of the biology of these tumors have made it possible to substantially improve their classification, allowing a better correlation with clinical outcomes and prognosis. Along these lines, today, it is possible to stratify patients by risk and deliver treatments capable of prolonging global survival between 5-7 years, for grade II and III gliomas. The present consensus, prepared by a multidisciplinary panel of experts from various Chilean scientific societies and, therefore, from all the specialties involved in the medical and surgical therapy. Enlightened from the molecular oncology, this proposal offers an input of clinical utility, which, together with an updated review in relation to the treatment and follow-up of these patients, allows us to understand the relevance of these biomarkers in precision disease management. It should be noted that this manuscript emerges from the same work force, which prepared the Clinical Protocol for Adult Gliomas 2019, published by the Ministry of Health, and that differs from it, which offers clinical-operative details, such as flowcharts and dose, our review attempts to reveal imaging and molecular advances and how they impact the current management of the disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Glioma/diagnosis , Glioma/therapy , Chile , Consensus
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 31(2): 392-398, jun. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-687074

ABSTRACT

En el estudio del cáncer, se utilizan diversas líneas celulares, cada una de ellas con características propias. Una de esas líneas tumorales es la variante multirresistente a drogas del tumor TA3. Si bien, existen diversos estudios con esta línea tumoral, no existe una descripción morfológica detallada de esta, ni tampoco que se observe el efecto del Celecoxib, un inhibidor de COX-2 sobre este tejido. Se usaron 18 ratones divididos en 3 grupos, los cuales recibieron: Inoculación de PBS; inoculación de células tumorales TA3; inoculación de células tumorales + tratamiento con Celecoxib (1000 ppm), respectivamente. Los ratones fueron sacrificados y procesados histológicamente para ser teñidos con H&E, PAS y Arteta. El estudio reveló que tumor muestra una marcada heterogeneidad, algunas áreas de necrosis y una neovascularización central y periférica. Además, Celecoxib redujo significativamente la invasión tumoral en el hígado (p < 0,05). Otros órganos no sufrieron diferencias significativas cuando eran comparados con el grupo tratado. Los resultados son similares a descripciones parciales realizadas previamente y son comparables a otras líneas tumorales. Se cree que la vía de administración del fármaco es crítica para la interpretación de los resultados. Estos resultados son importantes para la discusión de otras investigaciones en donde Celecoxib es usado como un fármaco antiangiogénico y sirve como base para futuras investigaciones con esta línea tumoral.


In the study of cancer diverse cellular lines are in use, each with its own characteristics. One of these tumor lines is the TA3 tumor variant, multi resistant to drugs. Although diverse studies exist in reference to this tumor line, there are no detailed morphological descriptions of this one, nor those that observe the effect of Celecoxib, a COX-2 tissue inhibitor. We used 18 mice divided in 3 groups that received PBS inoculation; TA3 tumor cell inoculation; cell tumor inoculation + treatment with Celecoxib (1000ppm) respectively. The mice were sacrificed and histologically processed with H & E, PAS and Arteta stain. The study revealed that tumor showed a marked heterogeneity, some areas of necrosis and central and peripheral neovascularization. Furthermore, Celecoxib significantly reduced tumor invasion in the liver (p< 0.05). Other organs did not show significant differences when compared with the treated group. The results are similar to partial descriptions realized in the past and are comparable to other tumor lines. It is estimated that the route of medication administration is critical for result interpretation. These results are important in the discussion of other research where Celecoxib is used as an antiangiogenic drug and serves as base for future research within this tumor line.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Celecoxib/administration & dosage , /administration & dosage , Cell Line, Tumor , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Liver/pathology , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Lung/pathology
3.
Rev. ANACEM (Impresa) ; 5(1): 12-16, oct. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-613288

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los tumores cerebrales continúan siendo una patología de mal pronóstico, lo que se refleja en la baja expectativa de vida de quienes los padecen. La angiogénesis es un proceso cardinal en el crecimiento tumoral y en la producción de metástasis. No obstante el conocimiento de los mecanismos subyacentes a la oncogénesis, las terapias continúan obteniendo resultados modestos. Está demostrado que el parénquima tumoral secreta factores que estimulan la cascada angiogénica. Sin embargo, no existen trabajos que evalúen el efecto angiogénico del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). La hipótesis propuesta en este trabajo es que el LCR de los pacientes con tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central (SNC), posee en sí mismo propiedades angiogénicas. Material y Método: Estudio experimental preclínico. Se utilizó, en ciento ochenta huevos de gallina White Leghorn, el modelo de membrana alantocoriónica (MAC) de pollo. Estos huevos fueron incubados y sobre la membrana se implantaron filtros de metilcelulosa con líquidos cefalorraquídeos de pacientes con diferentes tumores cerebrales. Al grupo control se le adicionó suero fisiológico. Tras diez días de incubación se realizaron cortes histológicos de las muestras y se procedió al conteo de vasos sanguíneos en un microscopio con rejilla graduada. Resultados: Se demostró con significancia estadística (p<0,05) que existe efecto angiogénico en el LCR de pacientes con tumores primarios del SNC. Discusión: A partir de los resultados obtenidos, podemos proyectar futuros trabajos hacia nuevas terapias enfocadas en la angiogénesis diferencial. Los factores angiogénicos presentes en el LCR podrían constituir un nuevo blanco terapéutico contra los tumores cerebrales.


Introduction: Nowadays, brain tumors remains being a poor-prognosis pathology, which is reflected in the low life expectancy of the patients. The angiogenesis, is a fundamental process in the tumoral growing and the metastatic feasibility. In spite of knowing of the underlying mechanism of the oncogenesis, therapies still get poor results. It is demonstrated that tumoralparenchyma secretes factors that enhance the angiogenic cascade. However, any work has ever evaluated the angiogenic effect in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) itself. We hypothesize that CSF belonging of patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) brain tumors, presents angiogenic properties on their own. Material and Method: Preclinical experimental trial. In 180 eggs of White Legorn chicken it was used the chorioallantoic membrane (CAMA) assay. This eggs were incubated for tendays and over the membrane were implanted methylcellulose filters containing cerebrospinal fluid coming from patients affected by different brain tumors. The control group was instilledwith saline solution. It was performed different histological sections of the samples and then proceeded to the counting of the vessels in a microscope with a squared grille inside it. Results:We demonstrated with statistical significance (p<0.05) that CSF from primary brain tumor’s affected patients presents angiogenic effect. Discussion: Owing the presented results, we can plan future investigations targeting new therapies focused on the differential angiogenesis. The angiogenic factors in the CSF could represent a new therapeutic target against brain tumors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/cerebrospinal fluid , Brain Neoplasms/blood supply , Brain Neoplasms/cerebrospinal fluid , Neovascularization, Pathologic/cerebrospinal fluid , Chick Embryo , Chorioallantoic Membrane
4.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 48(1): 58-65, mar. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577346

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Essential tremor is commonly considered as a benign and high prevalence disease; however its study is not systematized even in its definition. Methods: We did a literature review related to essential tremor enhanced with our own experience in this matter. Results: We performed a critical review of different issues of essential tremor from definition to association to others neurological diseases. We focused on controversial points and lesser known issues by a non specialist physician. Discussion: We analyzed the complexity of this disease, its association with other neurological diseases, in particular Parkinson disease and cognitive decline. We proposed different variants ofessential tremor according prognosis. Conclusion: Essential tremor is a heterogeneous disease from clinical and etiological point of view. There are variants with different long term outcome.


Introducción: El temblor esencial es habitualmente considerado una patología benigna y de alta prevalencia, sin embargo su estudio ha sido poco sistematizado, aún en la misma definición del cuadro. Método: Se realiza una revisión de la literatura, enriquecida con la propia experiencia de los autores en el tema. Resultados: Se analizan de manera crítica diversos tópicos relacionados con temblor esencial, desde su definición hasta la asociación con otras patologías neurológicas, haciendo hincapié en puntos de mayor controversia y poco conocidos por el médico no especializado en el tema. Discusión: Se analiza la complejidad del cuadro, su asociación con una serie de patologías neurológicas, en particular enfermedad de Parkinson y deterioro cognitivo, proponiéndose variantes de temblor esencial de acuerdo a su pronóstico. Conclusión: El temblor esencial es un cuadro heterogéneo tanto clínicamente como desde una perspectiva etiológica. Existen variantes con distinto pronóstico a largo plazo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Essential Tremor/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Prognosis , Essential Tremor/genetics , Essential Tremor/pathology , Essential Tremor/therapy , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis
5.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 20(1): 5-13, 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-545862

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Parkinson disease diagnosis is based on physical neurologic exam, however sometimes ancillary tests could be needed. Transcranial sonography is a useful tool to perform Parkinson disease and others movement disorders diagnosis, showing pathologic hyperecogenicities of nigra substance and basal ganglia. Objective and methods: The objective of this study is to report the first 39 patients in whom transcranial sonography was performed. We recruit patients consulting to movement disorders unit at University of Chile hospital. Two independent investigators (PVF and GMG) blinded to clinical diagnosis performed transcranial sonography by temporal window. Considering clinical diagnosis as gold standard we calculated specificity and sensibility. Concordance between investigators was estimated too. Results: Concordance between investigators was 100 percent. Sensibility was 85.71 percent and specificity was 100 percent. Conclusion: According our report, transcranial sonography performed at University of Chile Hospital, is a high sensibility and specificity tool to support Parkinson disease and others movement disorders.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Movement Disorders/diagnosis , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial/statistics & numerical data
6.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 20(3): 215-220, 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620962

ABSTRACT

Malignant gliomas represent 80 percent of primary malignant central nervous system tumors. It generally presents with headache, epilepsy, cognitive change, dysphasia, or progressive hemiparesia. Current standard treatment for malignant glioma includes: surgical resection or biopsy, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The prognosis of malignant gliomas is still dismal despite aggressive treatment attempts. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of glioma may lead to a rational development of new therapies. This review summarizes the diagnosis and management of these tumors in adults.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Glioma/surgery , Glioma/classification , Glioma/diagnosis , Glioma/epidemiology , Astrocytoma , Glioblastoma , Oligodendroglioma
7.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 20(3): 199-206, 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620964

ABSTRACT

The increase in life expectancy is accompanied by a concomitant increase in the prevalence of age related disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and various types of cancers. We here report epidemiologic findings suggesting thatthe development of the Alzheimer and a history of cancer are inversely related. The inverse relationship was found when all cancer types were analyzed and also when skin cancers (bothmelanomas and those with good prognosis, that constitute 50% of all cancers) were analyzed separately. In addition, in a population study we found that this inverse relationship was found with dementia of the Alzheimer type and mixed dementia, but not with vascular dementia, suggesting that the association is only with degenerative diseases. We discuss possible explanations for this inverse relationship, among them, the possibility that a common biological mechanism might be regulated in opposite directions in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Neoplasms/physiopathology , Comorbidity , Genetic Predisposition to Disease
8.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 19(3): 239-244, 2008. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-530342

ABSTRACT

High grade gliomas are lethal cancers. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the overall survival is 15 months for glioblastoma. They are among the most vascular of human tumors, making them especially attractive targets for angiogenesis inhibitors. Most clinical trials of these agents as monotherapy have failed to demonstrate survival benefit in unselected high grade glioma patient populations. Several mechanisms of treatment failure have been postulated. In response, there are new intervention strategies on course: the combination of target therapy with classic chemotherapy, multitargeted kinase inhibitors and combinations of single-targeted kinase inhibitors and the identification of correlative biomarkers. These advances provide real opportunities for the development of effective therapies for high grade gliomas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Glioma/classification , Glioma/therapy , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Astrocytoma , Brain Neoplasms
9.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 44(1): 9-14, mar. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-476925

ABSTRACT

Las Disquinesias tardías son reacciones adversas frecuentes e invalidantes de aquellos fármacos relacionados con la transmisión dopaminérgica. Una proporción importante de pacientes que la padecen no responden a las terapias actualmente vigentes. En este estudio se randomizó a 28 pacientes portadores de Disquinesias tardías severas y refractarias a tratamiento habitual, provenientes del Instituto Psiquiátrico de Santiago, en dos grupos que recibieron Piridoxina (500 mg al día) o placebo por 4 semanas, siguiendo un periodo de lavado de 7 días tras los cuales ambos grupos se cruzaron, manteniendo tratamiento por 4 semanas adicionales. Se utilizó la escala AIMS (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale) para evaluar a cada paciente en la semana 2 y 4 de cada etapa del estudio. La Piridoxina fue bien tolerada y no hubo efectos adversos en el periodo de estudio, no encontrándose diferencias significativas en la mejoría de Disquinesias Tardía entre los grupos que recibieron Piridoxina o Placebo.


Tardive Dyskinesia is a common and disabling adverse effect of drugs acting on Dopaminergic pathways. An important proportion of patients does not respond to the conventional treatment. In this study 28 severe and refractory patients from a Psychiatric Hospital were randomized in a cross over design to placebo and high doses (500 mg per day) of Pyridoxine for 4 weeks each one. The patients were evaluated using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) at 2 and 4 weeks of each cycle. Pyridoxine was well tolerated, and no adverse effect occurred during the study. No statistical differences between Pyridoxine and Placebo were found. Surprisingly, in both groups equally good responses were found.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dopamine Antagonists/adverse effects , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/drug therapy , Pyridoxine/pharmacology , Analysis of Variance , Double-Blind Method , Risk Factors
10.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 43(4): 337-343, dic. 2005.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-464159

ABSTRACT

Se presentan 3 casos de somatoparafrenia reunidos en el curso de 30 años. Se trata de adultos con lesiones vasculares extensas del hemisferio derecho, con hemiplejia, heminanestesia y heminanopsia. Todos tuvieron la convicción delirante de que su brazo paralizado pertenecía a un familiar próximo. Se señala la variabilidad de los síntomas (somatoparafrenia, personificación, misoplejia), la relación de estos con la anosodiaforia más que con la anosognosia y con lesiones del hemisferio derecho. Se concluye que, a semejanza de los problemas en el reconocimiento de rostros o del entorno, es necesario distinguir entre el nivel de la percepción y el nivel de la interpretación como propio o como familiar.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Middle Aged , Humans , Delusions , Hemiplegia/psychology , Psychophysiologic Disorders , Agnosia , Body Image , Delirium , Hallucinations , Somatoform Disorders
11.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 43(2): 133-136, abr.-jun. 2005.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-498183

ABSTRACT

Comunicamos la aparición de movimientos anormales inducidos por dos fármacos de común uso en el adulto: trazodona y veralipride. El primer paciente desarrolla un parkinsonismo luego de una semana de usar Trazodona: la sintomatología se revierte al cabo de algunas semanas de suspendida la droga. El segundo paciente se presenta con una distonía tardía que comprometió extremidades inferiores, pared abdominal y región oro-mandibular luego de 2 meses de usar Veralipride: la sintomatología desaparece luego de 1 mes de suspendida la droga. Esta comunicación enfatiza la necesidad de mayor reconocimiento de este tipo de reacciones adversas de estos fármacos de común uso en nuestro medio.


We report the occurrence of abnormal movements induced by two drugs of common use in middle-aged patients: trazodone and veralipride. The first patient developed a akinetic-rigid syndrome after 1 week of using trazodone; the parkinsonism subsided completely a few weeks after drug withdrawal. The second patient presented with a tardive dystonia involved lower limbs, abdominal wall and face after two months of taking veralipride, the movements also gradually disappeared after stopping veralipride. Our report emphasizes the need for more awareness by clinicians of these secondary effects which can severely affect patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Dystonia/chemically induced , Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced , Sulpiride/analogs & derivatives , Sulpiride/adverse effects , Trazodone/adverse effects , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/adverse effects
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